Solar Stirling Engine Power Generator

This is a page on Solar-powered Stirling engines that generate electricity. I also have a page on model Stirlings.

Once upon a time, I came up with an idea that really started me thinking. Can Home Shop Machinists build a credible Solar Stirling Electric Generator? According to Sandia Laboratories, such a system is the most efficient way to translate the Sun's energy into electricity. Their system is about 30% efficient, which is roughly twice what a photovoltaic system can do. Sandia, in conjunction with Stirling Technologies, has figured out how to build a 37 foot dish that is supposed to generate enough power for 8 to 10 homes. Apparently this is about 25 kilowatts.

My question is, how successful would a system be that was based on a concentrator the size of the "old school" C-band satellite dishes? These should be readily available as surplus, and they had technology to track the sun. Each one is about 6 feet in diameter. If we take the 37 foot diameter figure above, that big dish had a surface area of 1,075 square feet. A 6-foot satellite dish has a surface area of 28 square feet, or about 3% of that. Accordingly, if it can operate at similar efficiency, such a dish ought to turn out 5 or 6 hundred watts or so of electricity. Think of it as being the solar equivalent of a Honda power generator. Put up two of them, which still doesn't take that much space on your property, and you have 1 kilowatt. Starting to be a respectable amount of juice. Presumably there is a tax break on it as well, but I'm no expert on that! If you want more juice, it's going to take a bigger collector, I'm afraid, so the project may not be all that practical.

What I am curious about is what sort of Stirling engine is needed to power such a beast? It may be that the Sandia version is too exotic to fabricate and one would have to settle for a lower efficiency. I'm not too concerned about that. Even half as efficient is still just as good as solar cells (photovoltaic) and I'll bet cheaper. Apparently they used a Scandinavian designed Stirling called a "Kockums 4-95 Stirling engine".

Apparently it was originally created to power submarines. It looks a bit imposing for the average home shop, but recall we only need on with 1/8 the capacity, so it will be considerably smaller. Considering what this one is capable of, it seems relatively compact. The one that was finally perfected for this solar application is even smaller than the picture above, and is apparently about the size of a 55-gallon oil drum. 1/8 of that is not small, but ought to be manageable for many home shop machinists.

This is where I run out of steam, so to speak. I've no idea what's inside all of those intricate housings, and I haven't seen plans for any large scale Stirling's in the Model Engineering community. The best I was able to find is the Sunpower EG-1000 1 kilowatt Stirling generator, whose design looks simple, compact, and doable. The generator is an integral linear design, which is cool. A more detailed scientific paper is also available. Here is what a 1 KW version looks like:

In practice, imagine flipping that drawing over so the focus of the parabolic reflector was the heat end. This particular unit is designed for water cooling. Just like the Sandia/Kockums unit, I would propose small (motorcycle?) radiators with a fan to cool the water on the side facing away from the solar collector. A few more factoids on the EG-1000:

• The piston and displacer are only moving about 9mm at peak efficiency.
• It operates using a planar spring.
• There are no linear bearings. Rather, gas bearings support the design and require no lubrication.
• It incorporates a linear generator based on moving permanent magnets and a specially wound coil.

I suspect it will require considerable experimentation to produce a workable Stirling for this application. It's my understanding that they can be finicky beasts to get running and are very sensitive to friction and other factors. Were I to undertake such research, I suspect it would make sense to build the dish, measure the heat available at its focus, and then build a testing rig that delivered that heat via electric or gas fire so I could fiddle with Stirling engines in the comfort of my own shop.

The Rhombic drive is similar in design, but converts the motion from linear to rotary:

It seems to me that a working rhombic drive design could be considerably simplified as a free-piston linear design. Free-piston Stirlings need a load that is provided by the linear alternator/generator.

Links

Big thread on CNCZone about Solar Stirling Power Generation : It has some interesting thoughts:

• Use discarded CD's for reflectors. I like it. These could easily be affixed to a surplus parabolic satellite dish.
• Alternatively, get hold of a "space blanket" - one of those survival sheets of aluminised/gold coated plastic sheets - and work out how to make a focusing mirror. I'm not sure how durable this material would be in the dish, but it certainly is cheap. Perhaps it would simply require laminating on a new layer every few years.
• "The advantage with helium in a Stirling is that it has the highest heat conductivity of any gas except hydrogen. The Stirling cycle requires the operating gas to gain and lose heat to its surroundings and this is largely what limits how fasten a Stirling can run. The higher the heat conductivity of the gas the faster this process can occur." This is why the Kockums uses hydrogen as its working fluid--it contributes to efficiency. I know for a fact that hydrogen and helium are finicky to keep confined, especially if there are moving parts to consider. I wonder how much efficiency we're talking about here?

PMinMo's Stirling Wiki: A few useful links, but it never went very far.

Very nice article on the Sunpower EG-1000 Stirling generator.

2-Cylinder "V" Stirling May Be A Good Bet for Power

Great Primer on How the Stirling Works

Nice spreadsheet walkthrough on how to design a Stirling engine

Steel Stirling Engine Plans: A 4-cylinder design capable of claimed 40 watts. It's about the size of a big model airplane engine.

Excellent Schematic Overview of Various Stirling Configurations

Wonderful Stirling Engine Animations

Interesting Update on the 5HP Stirling by Merrick Lockwood : The original 140 page book is available here.

Stirling Engine Forums

Stirling-powered Robot Fish : Interesting Japanese project. Nice scale of Stirling.

Modeling and Simulation of a Free-Piston Solar Stirling

Military 3 kW Stirling Generator Set : 218 page pdf report.

Cool Nasa Animation of a free piston linear design

Sunpower 7 kW Free-Piston Natural Gas-Fired Generator

Great Nasa Intro to Stirling Power Generation

Nasa Guide to Stirling Engine Design: 300+ pages. One interesting comment is that Stirling engines running on air are only 20-25% as efficient as those that use helium or hydrogen as their working gas. Lots of rhombic drive models are analyzed in this text.

List of Sunpower Papers on Free-Piston Stirlings

DS Stirling Page: Amateur-built relatively large capacity Stirlings

Be sure to check out G-Wizard, our Machinist's Software!

Stirling Models

Jaxa LTD Stirling